AvonoriaROOTED IN NATURE. GUIDED BY WISDOM. PL

AVONORIA / TRANSPARENCY

Sources and methodology

158 sources read. Each has a defined scope: material data, history, research or an account of beliefs.

How we distinguish knowledge types

Every paragraph carries a label. Lithotherapy accounts present the tradition as practitioners describe it — with the author named for every attribution and with the differences between authors; they are not clinical evidence. History rests on older sources (Pliny the Elder, Kunz’s 1913 compilation) and museum records, noting when the identification of an old name comes from a translator. Mineral facts rely on the Handbook of Mineralogy, museums and GIA, safety on institutional sources, and the short science notes on studies we read and recorded PubMed searches. Our own practice suggestions are labelled “Editorial suggestion”.

Lithotherapy traditionPersonal / spiritual practiceHistory and beliefsMaterial factsSafety and careResearch evidenceEditorial suggestion — not a documented rite

Limits of this release

We do not authenticate specimens or certify them for food contact. Unknown care status does not mean safe. All 20 cards have real specimen photographs with checked provenance, licences and captions. A photograph documents the pictured specimen’s appearance; it does not establish the composition or authenticity of another stone. Each card has symbolic associations with a cited contemporary belief source. This is not a complete or universal account of all traditions.

Material data were checked on 30 September 2026; the lithotherapy accounts, history, guides and FAQ were reworked on 4–5 October 2026. Research methods and limitations are described in the guide “Lithotherapy and science”.

External links

You read the full stone descriptions in Avonoria. External links serve only to document sources, photographs and licences, and open in a new tab. We do not link to sites that sell crystals: where we draw on their account of beliefs, we give the author, title and publisher without an active link. Where a source page carries advertising for products or services and its status has not yet been settled, the link is held pending an editorial decision and the source remains cited bibliographically.

Source index

  1. Quartz (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  2. Schorl (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  3. Labradorite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  4. Sodalite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  5. Fluorite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  6. Malachite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  7. Jadeite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  8. Beryl (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  9. Pyrite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  10. Gypsum (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  11. Microcline (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  12. Hematite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  13. Galena (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  14. Cinnabar (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  15. Realgar (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  16. Amethyst (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  17. Rose quartz (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  18. Citrine description (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  19. Moonstone (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  20. Lapis lazuli (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  21. Aquamarine (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  22. Garnet (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  23. Sunstone description: feldspar gem varieties (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  24. Amethyst care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  25. Rose Quartz care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  26. Citrine care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  27. Moonstone care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  28. Lapis Lazuli care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  29. Aquamarine care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  30. Jade care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  31. Quartz gemstones (external link, opens in a new tab)Australian Museum · 2026 · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  32. Labradorite: mineralogy of Wales (external link, opens in a new tab)Amgueddfa Cymru / Museum Wales · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  33. Gypsum: mineralogy of Wales (external link, opens in a new tab)Amgueddfa Cymru / Museum Wales · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  34. Obsidian Cliff (external link, opens in a new tab)US National Park Service · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  35. Stones for healing (external link, opens in a new tab)Wellcome Collection · 2023 · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  36. Placebo effects in alternative medical treatments for anxiety: false hope or healing potential? (external link, opens in a new tab)Cambridge University Press / CNS Spectrums · 2025 · accessed 2026-09-30DOI: 10.1017/S1092852925100515

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  37. About silica (external link, opens in a new tab)CDC / NIOSH · 2026 · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  38. Asbestos and your health (external link, opens in a new tab)Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  39. TENORM: consumer products (external link, opens in a new tab)US Environmental Protection Agency · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  40. Hazards to the geological collection: solid as a rock? (external link, opens in a new tab)National Museum of Ireland · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  41. Concept development for managing objects affected by pyrite decay (external link, opens in a new tab)Museum für Naturkunde Berlin · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  42. Amethyst — practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  43. Rose Quartz — practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  44. Black Tourmaline — practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  45. Selenite — practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  46. Pyrite — practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  47. Rock crystal — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  48. Citrine — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  49. Smoky quartz — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  50. Obsidian — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  51. Labradorite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  52. Moonstone — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  53. Lapis lazuli — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  54. Sodalite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  55. Fluorite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  56. Malachite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  57. Jadeite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  58. Hematite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  59. Aquamarine — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  60. Garnet — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  61. Amazonite — contemporary practitioner accountThe Crystal Council · accessed 2026-09-30

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  62. Calcite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  63. Dravite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  64. Gold (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  65. Topaz (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  66. Orthoclase (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  67. Almandine (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  68. Chalcopyrite (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  69. Turquoise (external link, opens in a new tab)Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  70. An Introduction to Simulants or Imitation Gem Materials (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  71. Moonstone Description (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  72. Jade Description (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  73. Magnetic hematite imitation in jewelry — Gem News, Fall 2000, p.272 (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · 2000 · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  74. February Birthstone — identifying natural and laboratory-grown amethyst (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  75. Is lapis lazuli enhanced? (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  76. Is lapis lazuli imitated? (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  77. A Remarkable 16.71 ct Transparent Orange-Yellow Sodalite (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · 2023 · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  78. Cristobalite Stars and Snowflakes in Devitrified Glass (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · 2025 · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  79. Obsidian — Volcano World (external link, opens in a new tab)Oregon State University · accessed 2026-09-30

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  80. Rock Crystal (GeoDIL number - 2523).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  81. Rock crystal pebble.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  82. Amethyst (GeoDIL number - 2522).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  83. Amethyste geschliffen.jpeg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  84. Quarz - Rosenquarz - Rohstein.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  85. Rose quartz pebbles.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  86. Citrine bresil.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  87. Tumble-polished citrine 1.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  88. Smoky quartz (GeoDIL number - 2518).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  89. Smoky quartz pebbles.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  90. Obsidian (GeoDIL number - 413).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  91. Schneeflockenobsidian.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  92. Schorl (GeoDIL number - 1848).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  93. Schorl - Galiléia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  94. Labradorite (GeoDIL number - 2380).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  95. Labradorite (UCL Geology Collections).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)UCL Geology Collections / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  96. Moonstone NHMLA.png (external link, opens in a new tab)Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  97. Moonstone.JPG (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  98. Lapis-lazuli hg.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  99. Tumble-polished lapis lazuli 2.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  100. Sodalite (GeoDIL number - 2371).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  101. Sodalite cabouchon.JPG (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  102. Fluorite cubes with calcite (GeoDIL number - 1012).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  103. Fluorite2-china hg.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  104. Malachite (GeoDIL number - 770).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  105. Tumble-polished malachite 1.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  106. Raw jadeite jade - Burke Museum - 01.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Burke Museum / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  107. Jadéite 280208 1.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  108. Hematite (20255007100).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  109. Hematite pebbles.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  110. Aquamarine (GeoDIL number - 1864).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  111. Fancy cut aquamarine 1.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  112. Almandine garnet (Late Cretaceous; Garnet Ledge, Alaska, USA) (31914805843).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  113. Polished Garnet.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  114. Pyrite (GeoDIL number - 1040).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  115. Pyriteespagne.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  116. Selenite (GeoDIL number - 944).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)GeoDIL / Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  117. Gypsum (selenite) (GeoDIL number - 620).jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-10-04

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  118. Microcline feldspar variety amazonite.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  119. Amazonite specimen (polished) arp.jpg (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Commons · accessed 2026-09-30

    Photograph identity and usage-rights source; not a test of specimen composition.

  120. The Curious Lore of Precious Stones (external link, opens in a new tab)J. B. Lippincott Company (Project Gutenberg eBook #57978) · 1913 · accessed 2026-10-04

    Historical compilation of beliefs and lapidaries: documents what was recorded and believed, not efficacy.

  121. Amethyst Healing Properties, Meanings, and Uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  122. Rose Quartz meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  123. Black Tourmaline meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  124. Pyrite Uses and Meaning — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  125. Selenite meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  126. Christmas article: Crystal clear result: No effect of amethyst on KRAM-S factors and health after Christmas (external link, opens in a new tab)Ugeskrift for Læger · 2025 · accessed 2026-10-04DOI: 10.61409/V20254

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  127. Therapeutic Efficacy of Chinese Patent Medicine Containing Pyrite for Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (external link, opens in a new tab)Medicina (Kaunas) · 2023 · accessed 2026-10-04DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010076

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  128. Comparative Effects of Facial Roller and Gua Sha Massage on Facial Contour, Muscle Tone, and Skin Elasticity: Randomized Controlled Trial (external link, opens in a new tab)Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2025 · accessed 2026-10-04DOI: 10.1111/jocd.70236

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  129. PubMed searches for crystal names with lithotherapy/placebo/anxiety/meditation terms (external link, opens in a new tab)U.S. National Library of Medicine — PubMed (E-utilities) · 2026 · accessed 2026-10-04

    Record of a literature-database search: no hits does not prove that no study exists.

  130. Quartz Meanings and Uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  131. Citrine meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  132. Smoky Quartz Meaning and Uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  133. Obsidian Healing Properties, Meanings, and Uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  134. Labradorite meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  135. Sunlight reflecting off ‘crystal ball’ causes fire (external link, opens in a new tab)Essex County Fire and Rescue Service · 2024 · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  136. Moonstone meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  137. Lapis Lazuli Healing Properties, Meanings, and Uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  138. Sodalite meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  139. Fluorite Stress Relief in Just 3 Easy Steps — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  140. Malachite meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  141. Jade meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  142. Aquamarine meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  143. Garnet meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  144. Amazonite meaning and uses — practitioner accountCrystal Vaults · accessed 2026-10-04

    Commercial practitioner source: documents beliefs, not medical evidence. The site sells crystals, so we give a bibliographic description without an active link; the full address is kept in Avonoria’s source documentation.

  145. The Natural History (Naturalis Historia), books 36–37 (external link, opens in a new tab)Taylor and Francis, London 1855; Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University · 1855 · accessed 2026-10-04

    Historical compilation of beliefs and lapidaries: documents what was recorded and believed, not efficacy.

  146. Pair of Ear Ornaments with Winged Runners (66.196.40–.41) (external link, opens in a new tab)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  147. Head shaped ornament (1979.206.555a–c) (external link, opens in a new tab)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  148. Double bird pendant (1979.206.485) (external link, opens in a new tab)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  149. Vase (02.18.856) (external link, opens in a new tab)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  150. Incense burner (21.175.141a, b) (external link, opens in a new tab)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  151. Portrait of Luigi Sommariva (intaglio, 2016.488) (external link, opens in a new tab)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York · 1820 · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  152. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene (external link, opens in a new tab)Nature 449: 905–908 (PubMed record) · 2007 · accessed 2026-10-04DOI: 10.1038/nature06204

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  153. Tourmaline care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  154. Garnet care and cleaning (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  155. Sunstone care and cleaning (feldspar) (external link, opens in a new tab)Gemological Institute of America · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  156. Litoterapia (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Foundation · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  157. Crystal healing (external link, opens in a new tab)Wikimedia Foundation · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.

  158. Imbir, złoto i dwie kwarty wina. Czym leczył Mikołaj Kopernik? (external link, opens in a new tab)Warmińsko-Mazurski Kopernikański Instytut Kultury · accessed 2026-10-04

    Mineralogical, gemological, institutional or scientific source. Its scope is recorded in the source index.